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A quantum chemistry research team led by Dr Jun YANG from the Department of Chemistry at the University of Hong Kong (HKU) has developed an extensive and widely applicable computational technique using high-level quantum chemistry algorithms to reveal complex electron and energy transfer pathways in photophysical processes. The theoretical methods and computational findings have been published on the flagship journal Chemical Science of the Royal Society of Chemistry, UK. The quantum chemistry algorithms developed at HKU mark a breakthrough in theoretical and computational research on new emerging mechanisms leading to the next-generation organic photofunctional materials from high-precision large-scale quantum simulations.

Background
The solar cell efficiency of conventional silicon-based single p-n junction architecture is intrinsically capped by Shockley-Queisser limit, i.e., only about 33% of the total incident sunlight can be harvested and converted due to spectrum losses. However, this efficiency limit can be removed by incorporating novel channels of electron-hole pair duplication. Singlet fission is such an emerging mechanism by which the exciton generation is boosted at the expense of only one photon energy to double electric currents in solar cell, and holds a great potential to substantially improve the light-electricity conversion efficiency and revolutionise the race for producing renewable energy based on third-generation silicon-based solar devices.

Since 1960s when singlet fission research sparked attention, there have been explosive studies in this field, from fundamental mechanistic studies to materials design and device developments. However, the exciton duplication mechanism and the unexplained energy loss during its kinetics remain a great unknown, which has plagued discovery and application of singlet fission materials. While there is a dizzying flurry of proposed mechanistic assertions and rationale, there are persistent ambiguities, long-standing debates and great controversy in defining the precise roles and behaviors of essential excitonic states in pushing the fission process due to the very intricating and cooperative photophysical nature taking various quantum interactions between strongly correlated electrons and their vibrational environment.

Methodologies and achievement
In this research, the HKU quantum chemistry research team has proposed and further substantiated that the correct description of singlet fission details must necessitate the account of much more correlated electrons, much more low-lying excitonic states and the inclusion of much stronger couplings between different excitons with certain molecular vibrations, than what were expected in all previous studies in literature. The accurate computation of all these quantum states and quantum interactions, which has been a great challenge to conventional quantum chemistry algorithms previously, is now feasible by employing the self-consistent field algorithm of ab-initio density matrix renormalisation group method (DMRG-SCF), improved by Dr Yang and coworkers. The research team has further proposed the inclusion of the ‘two-particle formalism’ to evaluate the charge transport and 1(TT) pair generation properties from the DMRG-SCF wavefunction.

The main research findings include:
1. The research team develops a novel algorithm for precisely capturing many-body quantum states and interactions by correlating an unprecedentedly large number of valence π-electrons from the large-scale ab-initio DMRG-SCF simulations. These interactions were either excluded or deemed unimportant based on crude model approximations in most previous literature reports. Here, the HKU quantum chemistry study has concluded that the recovered interactions are critical to determining and balancing the photophysical subtleties of singlet fission.

2. The researchers point out that the electrostatic Coulombic interactions originating from charge-transfer states, which were believed to be important to mediate triplet-triplet pair state in literature reports, are insufficient to drive the singlet fission process in pentacene dimer. The high-precision computational study clearly discloses the dual-role nature of charge-transfer states: it is the strong coupling of ¹(TT) state with both weak and strong charge-transfer excitonic states admixed with molecular vibrations that govern the population generation, the transfer and the delocalisation kinetics associated with ¹(TT) pair state within different vibronic regions in pentacene dimer.

“This work clarifies, for the first time, that it is the coexistence of strong electron-electron correlations and electron-vibration couplings that yields an efficient singlet fission process in pentacene, which is amazingly complex, and in fact, the finding is possible only if numerically accurate many-body quantum chemistry algorithms are used, opposed to other lower-level methods prevailing in this field. The research at HKU is encouraging and points to new materials design strategies that can be exploited by modifying chemical components and infrastructure accordingly,” said Dr Yang, leader of the project.

The first author Mr Rajat Walia added: “we will use this computational scheme to further develop several doped inter- and intramolecular singlet fission candidates by adding proper charge-separation in parent acenes and polyacenes with various substituents, and search for optimal packing and orientation to achieve enhanced singlet fission rates.”

The journal paper can be accessed from here: https://doi.org/10.1039/D1SC01703A

About Dr Jun YANG
Dr Jun Yang is currently an Assistant Professor of Theoretical Chemistry at HKU. His research group is interested in developing and utilising ab-initio quantum computational methodologies for many-body chemistry problems. Recent research activities include the development of low-scaling correlated electronic structure methods, many-body excited states of strong correlation, mean-field theory for nonadiabatic electronic-vibrational couplings as well as machine learning extension of these methods for realistic materials. For more information about Dr Jun Yang and his research group, please visit: https://www.junyanglab.com

About Rajat WALIA
Mr Rajat Walia is a PhD student in Theoretical Chemistry, under the supervision of Dr Jun Yang at HKU. He started his research career as a material chemist and worked on the synthesis and characterisation of charge-transfer molecules at the Department of Chemistry of the Banaras Hindu University in India. He joined Dr Yang’s group in 2017 to conduct his PhD research on high-level quantum chemistry investigations of the singlet fission process.

About Zexiang DENG
Dr Zexiang Deng has a BSc in Materials Physics and PhD in Theoretical Physics, both from Sun Yat-sen University. He joined Dr Yang’s group as postdoc in 2019 and worked on the Bethe-Salpeter/GW-based quasi-particle method and simulations of excited solid materials.

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